Hybrid warfare is often characterised by non-state actors, espionage, cyber attacks, electoral interference and disinformation. Now accepted as an integral part of Moscow's policy towards the West, Russian hybrid warfare seems to remain below the threshold of the traditional act of war. Back in 2013, General Guerassimov highlighted the need for automated, robotic and artificial intelligence-based tools in armed conflicts, as well as the use of asymmetric actions and informational spheres to offset the advantage enjoyed by the enemy, us. The international political order has benn founded on values such as freedom and democracy - ideals that are not very widespread in Russia. To win his hybrid war and impose a so-called ‘multipolar’ order, Vladimir Putin intends to redefine the existing international order. (Arsalan Bilal (2024), NATO Review, Russia's hybrid war against the West )

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The impact of Russia's hybrid war on Western democracies is already being felt in unprecedented ways : mass information attacks, organising migratory pressure on the European Union, energy blackmail, targeted assassinations in Europe, destabilising Western political life, funding numerous groups with anti-democratic ideologies. (Antoine Arjakovsky (2024), Le Monde, Pour mettre fin à l'agression de la Russie, la solution la plus simple est d'intégrer l'Ukraine à l'OTAN dès 2025)

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